Free Biology NEET Video Lectures for Respiration In Plants

00:00:45 Hello friends, today I am going to discuss the product which are found in my last lecture that is photosynthesis. The main biochemical process of the earth. Just here to recapulate my last lecture the product of photosynthesis that is the glucose molecules. In this session we will find that what will the fate of glucose and how the glucose converted into ATP. The final product which is formed by photosynthesis it is influenced by many factors. that is light. Light mainly intensity of light. The intensity of light that

00:01:42 influence the product of as we have discussed in the action spectrum and absorption spectrum. When the light move from the blue light to the red light, the rate of photosynthesis becomes high. Beside this the concentration of carbon dioxide which also in influence the product of the photosynthesis availability of water huge amount of water when available the product will be also increased and the amount of chlorophyll when the amount of chlorophyll is much sufficient the product will be also high. Beside this the all the factors of

00:02:25 the photosynthesis which are present in the minimal quantity that influence the product of the photosynthesis that has illustrated by a law that is called law of limiting factor which was given by blackman's. Now finally the product of photosynthesis that is glucose. This glucose molecule when going to be oxidized and for the various type of product that is ATP all living organisms required ATP or the energy for various metabolic process. This metabolic process are growth, development, movement,

00:03:18 uptake of materials. The sum total of all these activity that is the catabolic activity and the anabolic activity which occurs inside the cell is called metabolic. This has been categorized into two groups. Anabolic that is the biosynthetic activity of the cell which are endergonic. Indonic that means the energy dependent. There are many process in our body or inside the cell that is active transport, muscle contraction, cell division, growth, bioluminescence, locomotion and nerve impulse conduction that require ATP

00:04:09 which cames from the oxidation of glucose which is the product of photosynthesis. The next another process of the metabolism that is the catabolism breakdown of these molecules form the simple compound. It is a energy producing process that is called exorgonic process that is main source of energy for this indonic activities in the all living organism including plant that is ATP which came from the cellular respiration. So today my topic of discussion is respiration in plant myself BP SA BJT Bio KB

00:05:00 Kasamuram. So today the main discussion about the cellular respiration. What happened in the cellular respiration that is the breakdown of organic food material that organic fat material which are the product of photosynthesis like carbohydrate or glucose within the cell and release of energy is called cellular respiration. It is the slow process enzyatic process that gives rise carbon dioxide and water and ATP. There are the great relationship between the photosynthesis and respiration in our ecosystem. That

00:05:42 is in photosynthesis the chloroplast receive sunlight and it gives carbohydrate and this carbohydrate or the organic molecules it is going to be breakdown and for carbon dioxide water and ATP mainly the cellular respiration it is a series of reaction where all the product like fat, protein and carbohydrate. Beside the mainly glucose are broken down to make carbon dioxide, water and energy. The main site of the cellular respiration is mitochondria. The mitochondria these are the double membranous

00:06:32 structure in it is found in the all ukariots. The outer membrane that is the smooth and the inner membrane that is the crystallike and the matrix are present. All the enzyatic enzymes for the cellular respiration are present either in the christi in the form of oxymes and inside the matrix. Now what is the objective of this chapter? First of all, how glucose is going to be breakdown in the first stage of the cellular respiration. Next, how ATP is made in second stage of the cellular respiration. What is the role

00:07:16 of fermentation in the second stage of respiration? That is the anobic respiration. Then importance of oxygen in the aerobic respiration. Here is the mitochondrial structure. Now all this process for the formation of energy that requires substrate. This substrate may be carbohydrate, proteins and fats. But all this substrate there is a common pathway where all these substrate going to the further reaction that is the crepe cycles. This substrate under goes respiration called respiratory substrate. Means those

00:08:05 substance which is responsible for the cellular respiration that is called respiratory substrate. It may be carbohydrate, proteins and fats. And finally the product that is the ATP. Here is the ATP structure is there. Here ATP the full form is adinosine triphosphate. We have discussed here ATP. A TP here adonosine tri phosphate. It is made by adinine plus sugar that is adinosine and three phosphate molecules are there. Phosphate is the in the form of H3P4 that form the ATP. It is the main source of energy for

00:09:05 the metabolic process in the all living organism. When the one ATP one phosphate is released from the ATP then it form ADP and it release energy in the form and when second phosphate group is break down then it form that is adnosin monophosphate it this one is adnosin diphosphate and it also release energy for this energy help in the various metabolic activity. Now how you can define we can define the cellular respiration or respiration. It is a slow oxidation process. It is slow oxidation process because we can compare the

00:10:06 respiration with burning. In burning there is also release of energy and oxidation also takes place. But here is the in cellular respiration the oxygen oxidation becomes slow and for this oxidation it required enzymes. But in case of burning there the no enzyme is required only the air that is oxygen is required for the burning. It is completely enzyatic process leading to the production of chemical energy. So in this way we can summarize the respiration is the slow oxidation of organic food material control through

00:11:08 the enzyme leading to the production of chemical energy is called cellular respiration. We can say that it is an as we have discussed it is an exorgonic process. Exaronic process means it release ATP, it release energy or we can say also it is a catabolic process. catabolic process is called why in this cellular respiration we will see the carbohydrate molecules which is the product of photosynthesis as we have discussed either in presence of oxygen or in absence of oxygen it gives carbon dioxide

00:12:09 water and ATP P. So here the catabolic process breakdown of the molecules organic molecules into the simpler form in presence of oxygen that is called oxidation. So this one process is called catabolic process. We can compare respiration with breathing also. In the breathing there's the exchange of gases takes place. Now the what are the phases of respiration? There are mostly three phase of respiration we can discuss here in this form that is external respiration. In this process in external

00:13:23 respiration there is the involve of exchange of gases from the outside the oxygen from the environment taken by the tissues and from the tissues the oxygen came from the environment and from the tissues the carbon dioxide is released to the environment. This is called external respiration. In external respiration, there's the exchange of gases oxygen and carbon dioxide from environment to the tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the environment. Now the second one phase that is internal

00:14:11 respiration. It is also called tissue respiration. It involve the when oxygen reaches inside the cell or the tissue from the environment it reaches to the blood and from the blood carbon dioxide is released and goes outside. So this type of respiration which take where there's the involvement of tissue that is called internal respiration. The another type of respiration which is very important in this chapter that is called cellular respiration. In this respiration, the glucose molecules is break down to the carbon

00:15:09 dioxide with the help of enzyme. So there are the three phases of respiration that is the external respiration, internal respiration as well as cellular respiration. All three respiration takes place in our body and the all the living organisms including plants also. But the mainly in this chapter we have discussed to the cellular respiration how the breakdown of carbon dioxide into the carbon dioxide and the release of energy. Now the respiratory field the respiration takes place with the help of certain organic compound.

00:15:57 These organic compound are called respiratory fuels. These respiratory fuels may be carbohydrate, maybe protein, maybe fat. Out of these three, the most common respiratory fuel or the respiratory substrate is carbohydrate. In carbohydrate glucose is most efficient that is easily break down. Glucose is used because it is easily oxidable, easily oxidized and it is available in our body fillet. other carbohydrate like starch in plant because we know that starch is stored in the form of carbohydrate in plant or in

00:17:27 animal glycogen is stored in animal when glucose are not available. for the oxidize or the cellular respiration. This starch and the break glycogen it is break down by the bio biochemical process and further converted into glucose and then cellular respiration takes place. So main respiratory fuel that is glucose molecule which are used in all living organism that is plants and animals. Now what are the physiological value? Physiological value of fuels like carbohydrates and protein and fat. When 1 g

00:18:30 glucose is going to be oxidized, it gives 4 kilo calorie energy. While 1 g fat is going to be oxidized, it gives 9 9.0 kilo calories. That means in comparison to the carbohydrate, it is 2.25 times more than glucose. But fat is not stored in case of the camel. It is stored in hump. 1 g protein or the amino acids when going to be oxidized it also gives 4 0 kiloalorie energy. Mainly the respiratory fuel is glucose which gives 4.0 kilo calorie energy but the most kiloalorie was given by fat glucose fat and

00:19:54 protein all involved in the cellular respiration. There's a common scheme for all three that is called grave cycle which we'll discussed later on in this chapter. Now why plants have not a special type of respiratory organ? In case of the animal there is a special type of respiratory organs. In lower animals there is tracheas, flame cells. In case of human being the lungs and the various type of respiratory organs are present in different type of animal for the respiration. But in plant there is no

00:20:48 special type of organ for the respir respiration because each part of the plant can take care of its gas exchange demand. Root stem and leaf all are responsible for that. They do not have much demand for the gas exchange. Third one point plant produce oxygen by photosynthesis. or human being receive from the environment. Next, root stem and leaves respire at low rate than the animals. So, plant doesn't require a special type of respiratory organs. Each living cells of the plant are located close to the

00:21:37 surface of the plant. So, there is no respiratory organs is essential for the plant. Now equation for the respiration we have already discussed. Now the balances C6 H1206 as we have discussed in comparison when combined with oxygen it gives carbon dioxide plus O2 and ATP when we going to be balanced 6 6 and it gives 38 ATP sorry here oxygen is not water. So when one molecule of glucose combined with six molecules of oxygen, it gives six molecule of carbon dioxide, six molecule of water and 38 ATP. It is also called amphibolic

00:22:37 pathway because in respiration both catabolic and anabolic process are there. Grape cycle is the common metabolic pathway in the internal of carbohydrate, protein and fat. We have discussed in another slide how in this slide the carbohydrate which is the most accurate respiratory fuel for the respiration. It converted into simple sugar that is glucose which can be easily digestible or easily available in our body that converted into glucose 6 phosphate fructose 6 phosphate and finally it under goes into the crepe

00:23:22 cycle. So when we started with the carbohydrate it reaches to the crap cycle when the substrate is fat it converted into fatty acid and glycerol. then and it finally enters into the style co-enzyme and crap cycle which we'll discuss later on. Now when the substrate is protein it converted into amino acid and this amino acid reaches to the and converted into the pyuvic acid then pyuvic acid under go a style co-enzyme then grape cycle is going on. So all three main substrate for the respiration. Finally there's a

00:24:10 common pathway that is called crepe cycle. So this slide shows the inter relationship among the metabolic pathway showing the respiration mediated breakdown different organic molecules to carbon dioxide and water. So crepe cycle is the common pathway for all the substrate like carbohydrate, proteins and f. Now come to the main or the important topic of the respiration that is RQ. The RQ the name as indicate R for respiratory Q for cutant respiratory. It is the it is defined as it is the ratio of volume of carbon

00:24:59 dioxide evolved to the volume of oxygen consumed. As in our this reaction when one molecule of glucose combined with six molecule of oxygen it release six molecule of carbon dioxide six molecule of water. So the RQ of carbohydrate that is the glucose the volume of CO2 evolved divided by volume of O2 consumed here the volume of CO2 is 6 CO2 volume of oxy oxygen consumed that is the 602. So RQ is 1. So respiratory for the glucose molecules that is RQ is one. Beside this there are another substrate for RQ.

00:26:22 For example, when RQ is one that the substrate will carboidate when RQ is less than one, the substrate will protein or fats. The RQ may be greater than one, may be infinite, maybe zero. We will discuss here later on. Now this is the RQ of carbohydrate. Let us take another example of organic compound reactions. C-51 H98 06. This compound is called tripaline. It is a type of fat. When it combined with oxygen, it gives carbon dioxide and water. No doubt as we have discussed any organic compound like carbohydrate, protein and

00:28:06 fat. when combined with oxygen it release carbon dioxide and water. Now balance this reaction. When we balance this reaction here, 2 C-51, H98 and 06 when it combined with 155 molecules of oxygen, it gives 102 molecules of carbon dioxide and 98 molecules of water. Now it is balanced. Now what is RQ? volume of CO2 evolved that is 102 CO2 divided by volume of oxygen consumed that is 145 O2 that means 102 by 145 it will be equal to 0.7 to as we have discussed when the RQ value is less than one that is 0.7 it

00:29:27 may be fat or protein. So with this reaction we can say that the tripaline is not carbohydrate it will be fat or protein. Let us give another example that is trioline. The formula is C-57 H104 06. This is called trioline. When it combined with oxygen, it also gives carbon dioxide plus water. No doubt. Now when we balance this reaction the oxygen will be 80, carbon dioxide 57 and water 52. Now the RQ is 57 CO2 divided by 802 that means 57 by 80 it will be 0.7 that is also maybe fat or protein for the protein the

00:31:05 RQ more or less equal to 0.5. So when it is going to be more than 0.5 that will be fat. So the trioline is also a type of fat because here the RQ is 0.7. So trioline in this reaction in the both reaction we can say that when the RQ value is less than one then it may be protein or the fat. Okay, let us consider another example of another reaction like C6 I20O6 when combined with oxygen it form malic acid or water. In this reaction you will find that there's a no release of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is not

00:32:14 released. So it get takes place when we balance this reaction two two molecule of glucose when combined with three molecule of oxygen it gives three molecules of malic acid and three molecules of water that is malic acid. Malic acid we have already discussed it is the product of C4 cycle. Malic acid aspartic acid that is the product of the C4 cycle. Now what will be the value of RQ here? Here no carbon dioxide there. So carbon dioxide zero or nil and oxygen consumed that is three. It means 0 divided by 3 it means

00:33:15 zero. When the RQ value is zero, it will be the succulent plant. Example, aunia. We have already discussed this succulent plant in cam pathway in photosynthesis grulation acid metabolic pathway. So now here we will find that when RQ is one that the substrate will be carbohydrate. When RQ is less than 1 then the substrate will be protein or fat. RQ when exactly 0.5 that will be protein greater than 0.5 that will be the pro uh fat. When RQ is zero that will be succulent plant example aunia or any other plant which shows the

00:34:26 cresation acid metabolic pathway. Now what happened in the another reaction when we use another organic compound like here the reaction is this one CO that is oxylic acid when oxylic acid is going to be oxidized what happen you will see When oxylic acid is oxidized, it also gives carbon dioxide and water. Now balance this reaction. The two molecule of oxilic acid when combined with oxygen it gives four molecules of carbon dioxide and two molecules of H2O. Now what will be the RQ? You can easily solve

00:35:27 this. Volume of CO2 evolved that is 4 CO2. Volume of oxygen consumed that is 1 O2 that means 4 by 1. RQ is 4. When R here it means the RQ is greater than 1. When RQ is greater than one, the substrate will be organic acid. Let us give another example of organic acid like C4 H6 O6. When it combined with it is tartaric acid. When it combined with oxygen, what happen? It also gives carbon dioxide and water. No doubt. Now when we balance this reaction, the two molecules of tartaric acid, it combined with five

00:36:36 molecules of oxygen, it gives 8 molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of H2O. Now what will the RQ? The RQ will be 8 CO2 evolved and 5 O2 consumed that means 8 by 5 it will be equal to 1.6 here also RQ is greater than 1 that means when the RQ is greater than one that will be organic AC the respiratory well will be the organic acid. Let us consider the another example of malic malic acid C4 H6 05. This is the formula of malic acid. When combined with oxygen, it gives also gives carbon dioxide and water.

00:37:34 When we balance this reaction, three molecules of O2, one molecules of malic acid combined with three molecules of O2, it gives four molecules of carbon dioxide and three molecules of H2O. Now what will be the RQ? RQ will be 4 CO2 divided by 3 O2 consumed that is 4x3 that means 1.3 here also RQ is greater than 1 then the substance will be organic AC now with the help of this discussion we can finally show that the value of RQ classify the organic component or the respiratory field that can be used. The

00:38:33 RQ value of one another reaction that is in anorobic respiration where there's a no use of oxygen here glucose molecule is going to be break down. It gives alcohol that is ethile alcohol sorry C2 H5 O plus carbon dioxide. Here there is the no use of oxygen. So this type of reaction is called an aerobic respiration where for the oxidation there is the no need of oxygen. Now when we balance this reaction this reaction takes place with the enzyme that is called Gaze. Now when we balance this the two

00:39:30 molecules of ethile alcohol it gives two molecules of carbon dioxide and ATP is much less that is 2 ATP is released in case of andropic respiration. Now what will be the RQ? The RQ value is two molecules of CO2 evolved and nil or zero O2 consumed that means 2 divided by 0 when anything divided by zero that will the result will be the infinity when RQ is infinite then the reaction is an aerobic respiration. Now with the help of this all these reaction we can summarize the different type of respiratory fuel

00:40:22 in this that is the respiratory that is the RQ when the glucose molecule is there the RQ value is 1 when the fatty acid that is the 0.7 when greater than or less than 0.7 7 or the 0.5 that is the protein if any degree of anobic respiration occurs RQ value signify the above value of one are obtained. Now in this chart we can add this when the RQ value is infinite the reaction will be anobic respiration. Now steps of aerobic respiration. The aerobic respiration steps are glycolysis, grab cycle, electron

00:41:22 transport system and oxidative phosphorulation. Now here we discuss firstly the different types of cellular respiration. According to the dependence of oxygen the cellular respiration are of two type that is aerobic respiration and anorobic respiration. The aerobic respiration it occurs in as we have discussed it occurs in mitochondria and ATP is for. So the mitochondria is called powerhouse of the cell. Aerobic respiration it takes place in purgence of oxygen in most of the plants and animals.

00:43:12 So when respiration takes place, cellular respiration takes place in presence of oxygen, that type of respiration is called aerobic respiration. When there's a no involvement of oxygen that type of respiration is called anorobic respiration. It takes place in cytoplas. There the no involvement of molecular oxygen. But there is a common process for aerobic and anorobic respiration which takes place in cytoplas that is glycolysis. Glycolysis it is the first step of respiration. It takes place in

00:44:16 cytoplas. It is common for aerobic as well as anorobic respiration. For graces it release energy that in glycolysis 2 ATP is released. So the first of all we discuss about the aerobic respiration. In aerobic respiration there are mainly four phases are there. These four phases are that is first phase is glycolysis which takes place in cytoplas. The second step is oxidative decarboxilation. It is also called link reaction because this link the glycolysis with grape cycle. So it is called link reactions. And the third

00:45:44 step is called crave cycle. And the fourth step is electron transport chain or etc. electron transport chain or etc. In all three pro four process glycolysis takes place in cytoplas and the product of glycolysis we will find later on the product of glycolysis is pyrovic acid this pyrovic acid it is threecarbon compound and it is formed inside the copl the crepe cycle which takes place in mitochondria. So the product of pyuvic acid and before it enter into the mitochondria the two carbon compound is

00:46:45 formed that is called acetile co-enzyme which is the product of link reaction. Now this estile cozy allow from the cytopl to the mitochondria where crap cycle takes place and ATP is released and this electron transport chain also takes place in mitochondria in oxy. So these are the four steps which are involved in the aerobic respiration and their sides glycolysis in cytoplasm where the glucose molecule converted into pyic acid. This pyrovic acid converted into a style co-enzyme. It is called link reaction.

00:47:39 Here the decarboxilation process is there. In decaroxilation what happened? as the name indicate there's the release of carbon dioxide and in crab cycle a style co-enzyme enters into the mitochondria and crave cycle occurs then in oxy the electron transport chain and the oxidative phosphorilation takes place. Now come to the glycolysis. As we have already discussed, glycolysis is the common pathway common steps for all the process of respiration means for aerobic IC and anorobic process. Glycolysis takes

00:48:58 place. Here is a cell. Suppose this is the cell. Here is the nucleus. Nucleus is bounded by nuclear membrane. And here is the mitochondria. Outer wall is smooth and in mitochondria oxygomes are there. This one is cytoplasm. So we can summarize this. The in cytoplas glycolysis takes place. Here the glucose molecule is converted into pyrovic acid. one glucose molecule it for two molecules of pyuvic acid the pyuvic acid is three carbon compound now this pyuvic acid from the cyto pyuvic acid as we abbreviate PA it found in cytoplas it

00:50:27 enters into the mitochondria for where crap cycle takes before enters into the mitochondria the paric acid converted into acetyl. This reaction we have already discussed that is called link reaction. Now glycolysis it is also called EMP pathway EMP pathway or the glycolysis because details of glycolysis was given by three scientist that is Imbaden, Mayor Hoff and Parnas in 1930. So the name first name for all three E M P. So E M P all three scientist Embed and Mayor Hop and Parnas given the pathway of glycolysis.

00:52:15 So this pathway is called EMP pathway or glycolysis. Glycolysis we can define simply it is a sequential series of reaction. Sequential series of reactions occurs in wide varieties of tissue. which results the degradation of glucose molecule that is one molecule of glucose into two molecule of pyic acid. So simply we can define when the one molecule of glucose is break down into the two molecules of paric acid that gives the reaction of glycolysis. The rest biochemical process or the its molecular formula we will discussed in

00:53:54 our next discussion. Thank you.