Free Biology NEET Video Lectures for Locomotion And Movement

00:00:02 [Music] so [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] let's get started uh today we will discuss about locomotion and movement and in this topic uh we will try to discuss about the locomotory aspect of a human individual and also how it is different from a movement um and and what are the aspect which we need to understand in order to cover this topic uh like locomotion and movement so um as such every living individual every living organism requires a kind of movement and this movement is sometime um

00:01:06 consists of a partial displacement of an individual or organism or a complete uh complete transfer of the whole body from one location to other location now if we see movement as such movement now this movement is a very specific terminology which is used for any kind of movement now we are moving our hand also that is also a movement we are moving our jaws that is also a movement we have our blinking of eyes that is also a movement so eyelid movement is also we called it a movement now we have

00:01:53 another kind of uh aspect in the movement that we our tongue is also having some movement so the movement it stands for anything that is having some sort of motion attached to it so that is a specific aspect of movement now if that movement is responsible for changing the location then we called it locomotion so any movement that is responsible for change changing the location of uh or changing the location of the of the of the individual then we call it locomotion now if you start looking into that what is the actual

00:02:38 aspect locomotion in in human body so what we are doing we have feet we have our leg so if we are standing there is no locomotion but we are doing some movement with the hand uh but once we start walking we have changed the position from one location to another location then we called it locomotion so can we rephrase a sentence as soon in the slide that all locomotion are movements but all movements are not locomotion that means each and every locomotion is involving some sort of movements but all movements as i said the hand is

00:03:18 not showing any kind of a displacement so we cannot call that one as a locomotion that movement of the tongue jaws or any kind of other movements which are taking place inside the body uh we call we don't call it as a locomotion so there is a clerical differentiation between locomotion and movement now having said that we try to understand what are the specific kind of movement or locomotory features available in lower inverting rates as well as some of the some of the other organism now if you

00:03:54 start looking as what we discussed in the last time in our respiratory system uh lecture also that we have a cylindricator and one cylindricate example is hydra now if you start looking into what is happening in hydra if we if you draw suppose this is a hydra which is having a mouth and then we have something called tentacles so we called it ten tickles and this tentacles are on the top and then we have this basil disc now this basal disk or the bottom is in the substratum so this is kind of land we call it land or the attachment

00:04:44 substratum now this hydra is a cylindrical body it's an irregular shape now there are various kind of possibilities that this particular organism can start locomoting them it's now what is happening now this tentacle is as such a organ which is responsible for doing movement now this tentacles if we start looking what is happening so there is a possibility that this will roll down in the bottom so what will happen this hydra will kind of attain this shape and then this basal disc will a little bit drag towards the

00:05:27 tentacles and then this tentacle dragging will cause this one movement of the basal disc from this to this location so basically what will happen the the location will be like this so then so what is happening there is a complete kind of twisting of the stuff and then suddenly they will have an erect location now what is happening this this kind of a phenomena where the tentacle is uh coming and doing some sort of movement involving the movement is called looping now looping is one such phenomena in

00:06:07 hydra where the tentacles are involved in moving the whole body by doing some sort of a movement now since there is a change then that's that's why we are calling it locomotion now this is one aspect looping second there is a possibility that this hydra will start kind of movement where this whole body will twist and then this will erect in this one and then again this will fall down so the movement will be like this so what is happening this is kind of a twisting and then again erecting then

00:06:56 again twisting so this is not looping right this phenomena is called somber salting summer salting now this form of salting is another phenomena where the hydra is moving in substratum with the help of tentacles now this tentacles is very important in movement of this hydra so what we are trying to emphasize that there are various kind of activities which an organism can do and because of this activities in the substratum the hydra is moving its body from one location to another location these are the typical example of

00:07:36 invertebrates we are talking about now this is some now as we said that the hydra is still attaching to the substratum now what is happening this basal level is moving in in in different forms now there is a possibility that the hydra can climb with the help of this tentacle right so we we we need to understand that this particular tentacles can help in climbing also so they can they can hold something and they can they can they can just move with the help of tentacles so they can climb also there is a possibility they can they can

00:08:15 swim also right because these are the tentacles now these tentacles can be used in in in just movement through the water force and can be nicely attributed to to a swimming aspect also now they can they can also glide now what is happening in gliding this particular basal level of the body is kind of creating some sort of movement now this movement is uh involving some sort of action some sort of force that can help hydra to glide so hydra can glide uh to to to to some certain extent now uh these are some of the phenomena

00:09:04 now there are there are possibility that the hydra can simply float on the surface of water now what what is happening here ah we will just try to tilt this hydra with a water surface now suppose this is a water surface and we have hydra here upside down now what is happening here the basal body this can be happening in other way also so the basal uh level or the basal cell some of the basal cells are involved in producing some sort of gaseous molecule now gaseous kind of content now that gas is a form of an air bubble now that air

00:09:50 bubble will come in this area and this air bubble will hold the body of hydra in such a nice fashion and because of the water current this whole bubble will move and this movement will cause the hydra to move in forward or backward direction depending on the water flow so these are some of the aspect where hydra can do some sort of movement now there is another very specific kind of movement which hydra does is suppose this is substratum and then we have this tentacles attaching to the substratum now simply

00:10:32 this tentacle will act as the feet and they can simply walk on the substratum because of the movement of these tentacles now this movement of tentacles can be in the forward or in the reverse direction but this tentacle will be involving some sort of movement of the body now this kind of movement is sometimes called as cuttlefish like movement cuttlefish like movement so basically this tentacle is just crawling down so after some time this tentacle will grow like this and then slowly it will move

00:11:07 in the forward or reverse direction so there are various kind of movement so we are we are trying to discuss some of the invertebrates movement and one such example is hydra insulin traitor of course we will discuss the human aspect of the movement in great detail now having uh said this invertebrates there is another very good example and that is called paramecium and we are not going to discuss much about this invertebrates i'm just giving you an example that this paramecium is roughly having a leaf shaped body

00:11:45 so kind of uh safe uh which looks like leaf now they have small kind of uh hair like structure throughout the body now this hair like structure is called celia now this cilia is a very specific structure which are located throughout the body of this organism these are proto-yoga now this proteo is having celia and the cilia is responsible for causing movement in this kind of organism so the celia is small the larger version we call it flagella which we'll discuss in later part so this cilia is another important uh

00:12:29 constituent of the movement aspect there it was tentacle and in this case it is celia so basically there are some modulation if we will start looking and seeing the the structure aspect of internally why the celia is different and why the flagella is different though the the architect the the structure the the basic functionality of these two organs are quite different so there is an evolution always because each and every organism is evolved in order to make a constant progress towards the development of all either it

00:13:03 is respiratory system digestive system excretory system and similarly in locomotory organ also so these are some of the structures available in lower invertebrates in order to do movement now we will move on to the next slide where we can see that what are the types of movement and if you grossly divide the types of movement we can nicely say that there are three types of movement one is called ammoboid movement ambiboyan movement that basically amoeba uh it's it's coming from amoeba which amoeba

00:13:43 does there is another one called ciliary movement and then we have muscular movement so we'll go and discuss these three movement individually in detail now since uh we have ambivoid movement so we need to understand why these boy movements are called amibo because amoeba is moving with the help of protoplast so suppose we will try to go back a little bit and try to understand so suppose this is an irregular structure of a typical organism called amoeba now these are the area which is called these are false leg so sometimes

00:14:24 it is called pseudo pseudo means false podia means leg so pseudo podia anything which relates to pseudo we called it false so pseudo podia false legs now what what is happening here so this is one two three four there are many false legs are there and what is happening suppose this particular organism wants to move in this direction this pseudopodia is moving and crawling in that direction so all protoplasm so that the material inside we call it protoplasm so this plasmatic zone which is there will force

00:15:02 all the content towards this pseudopodia and because of this force everything is tilting down and this tilting movement will basically cause the whole organism to move in forward direction so this pseudopudia is very important now the whole phenomena is very important in order to understand some of the basic structure which is available in our body also now if we start looking and trying to understand what are the content uh which is there in our body now uh we'll try to understand in a different

00:15:39 fashion so we have blood if we start defining what is blood so one can nicely say that blood is a fluid connective tissue tissue anything say tissue is collection of cells so blood is a fluid connective tissue and these are comprising of many different kind of cells and some of the cells we call it leukocyte leukocyte some are called erythrocyte so erythro means red blood cell leuko means white site means cell leukocyte so we have leukocyte which is white blood cell and we have ethrocite which is red blood cell now we discussed the

00:16:26 red blood cell in in respiratory chapter that these are kind of disc like uh structure by concave in nature having some diameter and all and involving carrying oxygen here this leukocyte is very important cell in human body which is responsible for causing defense kind of mechanism so whatever defense we have in our body in order to fight uh bacteria with fight viruses fight parasite fungi these all leukocytes are very important uh cell in the human body that are responsible for causing any kind of

00:17:03 protection immunity we call it immunity in in biology we call it immunity now this leukocyte are very much related to a kind of movement what amoeba does so they have kind of a spherical structure and their movement is basically done by those ammo void kind of movement so this this this whole body acts as pseudopodia the the false leg and then whole protozoa plasm can help this whole uh cell to roll uh in in the surface right these are inside blood vessels so suppose this is blood vessel and then the the whole cell can nicely

00:17:49 move with the help of ammo void movement uh with the uh with with making a protrusion which is called pseudopodia now this is one example that leukocyte which is available in blood can also move with the help of pseudopodia like a structure amyboid-like movement and then this is one such a structure in the blood uh if we go back to the slide again and we will see that uh we have a three kind of movement which we discussed one is amoboid ciliary and muscular so we are talking about amoeboid movement now the

00:18:28 first one which we discussed uh is is leukocyte the second one sometimes uh in in our blood basically there are many different kind of cells one such cell is having a nice elongated structure so they have very nice elongated structure on their surface now this is important these cells are specialized in the body to capture the parasite bacteria and other kind of micro organism entering inside the body anything which is less small inside we called it micro organism is very small micro organism that can be visible only by

00:19:15 microscope not by naked eye so these cells which are available in human body is having very large tentacle like structure on their surface these these are not tentacle but these are protrusion now this small the kind of structure is giving large surface area now this large surface area is basically or essential to capture the micro organism coming inside the body now this micro suppose there is an organism that's coming from outside now this cells are coming in the side and capturing this micro

00:19:55 organism and just taking it inside so they are engulfing they are just taking it they are digesting it so sometimes these these cells are of various type but in general they are called macro forge macrophage sorry so these are all macrophages so macro means large and forge means the eater phage or fudge so macrophages are the cell which can eat uh the the uh the the microorganism coming from outside so macrophages are such cell which is having a large surface area now one can nicely see and correlate this whole structure with

00:20:38 amoeba so the the movement is exactly same they can nicely move with the help of this tentacle so then take a like structure which we call pseudopodia so basically protoplas plasm of the whole cell is moving in this direction and then these are tilting so the movement is basically in the forward direction with the help of this elongated structures so macrophages are the cell which are involved in phagocytizing that the terminology is called phagocytosis which is sago means eating and then cytosis means involvement of cell so

00:21:14 macrophages are such cell so this is about of course we'll go in detail about all these aspects in in our coming lectures so we have discussed two cells in blood um which are responsible for causing movement one is leukocyte and the second is uh the cell which are having elongated structure uh can very specialize in eating so they are called macroagents the larger cell that can eat uh the the microorganism the second one is ciliary movement now the ciliary movement is related to something which is which we have

00:21:58 discussed in the past classes also so if we start and recalling back what we have discussed in respiratory system that we have a structure called trachea which is a cartilaginous ring like a structure and this is giving basically the passage of air now this trachea is lined by this ciliated epithelium so this is ciliated ciliated epithelium epithelium is lining so this ciliated epithelium is basically lining the trachea and this is causing kind of movement so remember one more aspect here we are calling it movement

00:22:42 so there is movement there is no locomotion because the things are constant here so this is a constant beating so the movement of celia can trap the dust particle which is coming from the respiratory passage through the nostril so we are taking all those gaseous elements and in addition to gaseous element we are also taking some dust particles so the the lung which is in the bottom of this trachea don't require those dust particles so somebody needs to trap those dust and other unwanted material so this celia

00:23:14 like a structure are basically helping so they are in constant movement and because of this movement that they are capturing uh the dust particle so this is one ciliated movement similar kind of structure is also available in our gut in our digestive system our stomach our small intestine we have very specific kind of small cell like ciliated again the same name ciliated epithelium so the lining is called epithelium the lining of the intestine the small intestine is having celia which is helping in the movement

00:23:53 of the food particle from small intestine to large intestine so we have stomach so we have esophagus in the top then we have a stomach then we have small intestine and then we have a large intestine so from small intestine to large intestine we need to fl flow the the nutrient that contain the food particles and all so these are done with the very specific structure called ciliated epithelium there is another organ which we will discuss uh which in in coming lectures and that is the reproductive system and

00:24:30 in reproductive system the female reproductive system is producing ova in the from ovary and if we start looking we again we will discuss in detail i just wanted to highlight here what is the role of senior epithelium so ciliated epithelium is something which is forcing the material to the forward direction here it is dust particle it's it's kind of a trapper here now there it is it is kind of a movement a movement producer to to the food particle the same thing ova is produced in a very specialized structure

00:25:03 called ovary in the female reproductive system this ova needs to go inside a very structure various defined area uh called fallopian tube and now this this movement of ova from ovary to fallopian tube requires a movement and that movement is done with the help of ciliated epithelium so their lining of reproductive system is also very specifically lying biciliated epithelium that can move the ova from one direction to another direction from from ovary to fallopian tube where the fertilization takes place

00:25:39 so these are some of the very specific ciliated epithelium of course there are many other ciliati uh sedated aspect is there also in our nostril we have small hair like for uh structures see the epithelium is all ciliated so these are hair follicles actually uh so they can they can trap but then we have a very small structure ciliated epithelium that can cause uh the the the movement or the trapping of the dust particle another kind of uh stuff in the human body next one which is another very important

00:26:15 uh in in understanding the movement of the human system is muscular system now this muscular system is very important and this muscular system is basically the actual movement that that is happening in our body so we have our movement in the hand this is also a muscular movement so we have lot of muscle involved in those movements so the movement of hand say for example so we are discussing about muscular movement so the movement of the the muscles the actual muscle we will discuss again in in in next topic uh about the actual

00:26:59 muscle composition and how this muscle is uh doing all the work but try to understand here that what is happening is all the muscle system involved in the body are basically doing some sort of movement so if if i want to contract my hand i will basically squeeze the muscle and uh and similarly we have the jaw muscle so if we want to talk we can start movement moving our jaw muscle similarly the ciliated uh eyelid and of course there are many such movement which are involving the actual muscle to take part

00:27:33 in the actual process having said that ambivoid movement muscular movement and the the very specifically ciliated epithelial movement apart from the the ammo boy movement which is basically happening in the in the leukocyte level other movement like muscular movement and ciliated movement are basically controlled by the nervous system so we need to understand how this muscle movement is controlled with the help of nervous system so basically neurons the neural network basically neurons neurons so these are very specialized

00:28:15 cell in the central nervous system that can govern the actual coordination of this muscular movement so these are under my will so if i want to fold my hand i can fold if i don't want it i will not so this kind of movement is controlled by my will but there are certain movement which is not my under my control like heartbeat so our heart is continuously beating and those beating also the muscle in the in the heart of course we will go and discuss about uh this aspect so the heart muscle is called

00:28:51 cardiac anything related to a heart we called it cardiac so then cardiac muscle is such muscles in the the muscle in the heart which are not in our control so basically we have the heart beating contains continuously going on so there is no as such control so there is controlled movement and there is uncontrolled movement so we will discuss this topic slowly and gradually in order to understand the movement and the locomotion in total and in next uh we will discuss about muscle and in muscle uh probably we'll try to

00:29:31 understand and what this muscle is made up of and what the actual composition and how this composition is causing some sort of variation in different type of muscle tissues and also uh we'll try we will look into uh the functional of functional aspect of each and every muscle so let's try to see the muscle now before going to discuss about this muscle uh let me give you some idea about the basic structure of the whole body now if we consider the human body like a cylinder so if you consider this is a like a like a hollow

00:30:14 cylinder and this cylinder is having an outer covering and of course we have an outer and then we can also say that we have a middle and then we have something called inner so if we consider if we divide the whole body cavity in the form of a cylinder the outer covering is called ectoderm [Applause] the middle one is called mesoderm or mesoderm and the inner lining is called endoderm so based on the location of this tube or this cavity we can always define the whole body we are considering the whole

00:31:02 body like a cylinder so this is a mouth opening and this is anus so this whole body is now divided into ecto outer middle meso and inner endoderm if you start looking that what are the actual function of each and every uh layer in human body and if you try to understand the evolutionary aspect this ectoderm is basically the skin layer the outer surface outer covering of a human body and also some of the appendages while this mesoderm is the actual actual layer that is going to form the muscle so we will discuss this area this

00:31:42 middle which is going to form the whole muscle and of course there is another part called indoor or endodermis also into the this hydroderm is basically gut the the gastrointestinal cavity of human being now if we consider the whole muscle the muscle is actually comprising the the middle part the the mesoderm and we will try to discuss what are the different kinds of muscles are there and what are the actual function of this muscular tissue now if we see this muscle there are various function of this

00:32:23 muscular tissue sorry properties of muscular tissue so if you just try to see that what are the properties of muscle then one can nicely see that they have excitability contractibility or contractility extensibility and lastly elasticity so these are the four distinct uh kind of properties of muscle cells so each and every muscle should have excitability now excitability stands for the excitation potential will not go in detail about all this aspect because this is for higher study but just for the sake of knowledge we

00:33:03 should have to understand these four properties of muscle are essential in order to give a functionality to muscles now we will see that how this muscle and this kind of four properties which we discussed like extensibility and then you have excitation potential then contract ability and then elasticity kind of activities these are all mixed together and each muscle should possess this kind of property having said that this all muscle the muscular part of the human body is basically divided into three parts as

00:33:44 shown in the slide so we have three distinct muscle cell uh type of muscle actually so let's start the first one the skeletal [Applause] skeletal muscle now this skeletal muscle is basically the muscle which are attached to the bones now this bony uh structure of each and every bone of the body is basically winded up nicely with this muscle and that's why these are called skeletal muscle because these are attached to the skeleton the actual bony structure bony framework of the human body

00:34:24 now this muscle the various very very unique property about this muscle say for example if you consider our hand so if i want to fold my hand by my own will we can fold it so these are all voluntary in nature so one can nicely say that these are voluntary muscle so voluntary means it's it's under your control so these are voluntary in nature and the other very unique aspect about this muscle if we if we start looking if you take out the muscle cell if we start looking into how this muscle cell are looking so

00:35:01 if suppose this is muscle they have a strip in between so they are giving a kind of appearance which is called striated striated so striated is a very specific terminology used for any of those muscles which are having a strip kind of appearance we will see why this strip look like in between the muscle cell and why these are called striated so these are voluntary and striated in nature the second one which is different than skeletal muscle is called visceral now visceral stands for stomach anything

00:35:45 related to gut we called it visceral so visceral is anything which is which is related to gut that means gastrointestinal cavity these muscles are not having this kind of stripped in in in between so they are smooth in nature so they are smooth they don't have any kind of demarcation and the second very important property since these are visceral and they are in the inside the cut they are not under our control so if they are not under our control they are simply involuntary in nature that means they are not our under

00:36:21 our control and the third one is basically so uh we discuss about the gut we discuss about the skeleton which is a part of the entire body cavity uh where we have the bones actually and then the third one is very specialized and as as soon in the in the slide here is called cardiac cardiac now this cardiac stands for anything which is related to heart so cardiac is heart muscle now this heart muscle are very specific that they have a property of some property of a skeleton and some property of visceral now what is that those

00:37:08 muscles of the heart are stimulated so striated stands for these are having some sort of distinct markation in between but heart is not under our control so we can't say that stop beating heart or some uh some some aspect where you can stop the heart beating this is absolutely impossible this is not under your will so basically these heart muscles are involuntary in nature so heart muscle is involuntary as shown in the slide that the skeleton is striated and voluntary nature visceral is non-striated and involuntary in nature

00:37:45 while cardiac is restorated and involuntary in nature so these are the three typical type of muscle such cell uh which we are going to discuss in in in further classes but let's try to see the structure of a typical muscle cell so so what is there suppose if you start looking into a muscle that how this muscle looks like and if we take the cut and suppose this is this is a bone the muscle which is there in our forearm so suppose this is our forearm or just simply say this is our arm muscle and we have taken out this muscle and we

00:38:35 have taken a cross section cross section means anything which you cut horizontally or vertically so if you take the cross section and if you start looking into what is there in the muscle so suppose this is the whole area where you you dissected the whole area so these are the small bundles we simply called muscle bundles muscle bundles now this muscle bundles are basically containing small very small fibers into it now one can simply say these are muscle fiber or fibers so these are all muscle fibers

00:39:28 which are which are basically uh in the form of a bundle now this muscle fiber if you start sometimes this muscle bundle are also called as funiculus so fascicular vesicles actually so this fascicles are basically the other nomenclature people are using in in interchanging uh the muscle bundle but we will simply try to not go in detail about the nomenclature and kind of complex word but simply will try to stick to muscle bundles uh and then this are the muscle fibers which are lying inside the mitosal bundle and if

00:40:05 you start looking into the single muscle fiber if you take out this muscle fiber this muscle fiber are like this so the outer covering of this muscle fiber is basically plasma membrane the structure is very much similar to like plasma membrane so these are called sarco lemma sarco means anything related to muscle and lemma is like plasma lemma so these are the outer surface membrane the covering of this muscular fiber muscle fiber is what we call sarcolemma now this sarcolemma is very much similar to the

00:40:49 to the human cell outer covering of the cell which you call cell membrane now if you start looking so these are the individual fibers and these fibers are basically so we are taking an example of arm muscle so arm is a bone so can we call it this is a skeleton so this is a skeletal skeletal muscle so this is a skeletal muscle and definitely these are having some sterilization in between which we will discuss in our coming lectures ah that what are these typical um aligning denotes and why these are having this

00:41:28 kind of a structure now just going back to these structures these muscle bundles are basically communicated with each end so if this is a muscle bundle these are communicating with a very small kind of tubules so this tubules is basically covering the entire muscle bundle so something is coming out something is coming in from this kind of small tubules is basically communicating to the whole muscle fiber now this small tubule like structure is called t tubules or it is also called as t stands for

00:42:13 transverse transverse so transverse tubule is a kind of conducting tubules which are located in a muscle bundle in order to sustain that transportation or in order to move the solute particle or the solute inside the muscle bundle now this t tubules are very important when we start study discussing about the the four property which we discussed in the in the earlier slides that excitability now excitability comes from this tubules that we have lot of other structure here where you have a typical mitochondrial

00:42:52 membrane mitochondrial structure and then we have a very uh unique endoplasmic reticulum so those calcium ions the calcium ions are very important in kind of making the accent potential so that we can start contracting the muscle so this start with the excitation potential which is basically coming after the calcium ion influx we will now not go in detail about how this mechanism evolved in human being but it is very important that one have to understand that calcium plays a very important role calcium iron plays a very

00:43:26 important role in contraction of muscle fiber as such and we need to understand this aspect in slowly in due course of time when we'll go and see that what are the what are the typical features of the muscle fiber in total so this is in this is a nut cell about the complete structure of the muscle fiber muscle bundle and then we have the sarcolemma which is the outer covering and then these are having striation because we are talking about skeletal muscle now one thing we just i will just highlight here and then we

00:44:02 will discuss this in in coming classes this muscle is mostly made up of two distinct kind of protein uh one is called actin and the other is called myosin so this actin and myosin are the two protein molecules two protein entity which are maximum present in this this muscle fiber and we will discuss why this actin and myosins are very very much kind of giving a typical structure to this this muscle fiber the only thing which we need to understand here right now the actin is the thin filament very

00:44:44 thin in nature while myosin is thick little bit more in diameter as compared to actin and we will will see that how this actin and myosin is kind of converging this whole phenomena of of the muscle fiber you