Free Biology NEET Video Lectures for Biotechnology Principles And Processes

00:00:03 [Music] so [Applause] [Music] [Applause] [Music] hello everybody this is dr vishal steven from the department of biosciences and by leaning iit gohati and what we were discussing we were discussing about the different chapters related to your biology course under this iit pal program and in this series let's today start the discussion about the new chapter and the new chapter is the biotechnology principle and processes but before getting into the detail of this particular chapter let's discuss

00:00:51 about the biotechnology and how the biotechnology is helping the humans or the scientists to develop the different types of molecules so what is mean by the biotechnology biotechnology is a field of science where you are using the living organism or the product of living organism for the human benefits to make a product or to solve a problem what that mean is that the biotechnology is using the technology aspects of science and utilizing that to or applying that to the living organism or it is applying that particular

00:01:31 technology to to to produce the uh product from the living organisms during this process it always benefits the human being either by bringing a new product or to solve a pre-existing problems for examples if you are producing a product from a living organisms what the living organism is going to do is it is actually going to prod produce that particular product but in addition to that it is also producing the non uh non-specific or the products which are actually toxic in nature so in these cases the what

00:02:12 what the scientists are doing they are utilizing the different aspects related to biotechnology and that's how they are actually either diminishing the level of the toxic compound or they are enhancing the production of that main product and as a result the toxicity of the particular product is going to be reduced so this is the what is mean by the availability of the new product or to the solve of solve the pre-existing problems so in simpler word the biotechnology is the submission of all

00:02:48 the activities involving technological tools and the living organism in such a way that it will enhance the efficiency of the productions which means the biotechnology is not very limited to only the technology aspect but also it is also helping in terms of the uh developing the different types of tools and other kinds of things so biotechnology is a very very vast subject and it is actually encompassing many many areas of the science and that's how it is actually trying to understand the living

00:03:24 organisms in a better way and that's how it is actually trying to solve the different types of uh problems or it is also once because once you understand the metabolism of a particular organism you can be able to modulate the different steps what is present in these metabolic steps and that's all you can be able to enhance as well as the uh make it the product make make the product production more efficient so what is the goal of the biotechnology the ultimate goal of the field is to improve the product yield from the

00:04:00 living organism either by employing the principle of bioengineering or the bioprocess technology or genetically modifying the organisms what is mean by the biotechnology is that biotechnology had different types of tools one of the tool is that it can use the bioengineering or the bioprocess technology as well as it also can use the genetically modified organisms for example you can have the organism which is producing a particular type of product and that product is actually be produced at a very very low rate or

00:04:38 it is also been produced at a very very uh low level so because of the principles what is being uh derived by the bioengineering or the bio process technology you can be able to study the protein uh the particular product production and from the organisms and then you try to understand the different types of factors what is governing the production and that's how you can be able to modulate these factors and that's how you can be able to uh enhance the production apart from that some of the

00:05:12 sometimes what happen is the majority the organism is deficient in some of the key enzymes or organism is producing the product but the product is getting accumulated within the cell or the product is getting degraded because of some other activity of some other enzyme or sometimes the product is being formed but it is not very stable so in those cases the scientists are also uh exploring the options of generating the genetically modified organisms which means they are actually changing the organisms in such a way that it is

00:05:48 actually going to produce that particular product at a very large scale but the question comes why the biotechnology or why the humans have started using the technology part to to do all this because of the many problems and one of the problem is that the human population is also increasing so let's see how the human population is increasing over the course of time so what you see here is a projected human population growth so what you see is a growth of somewhere around uh from 19 1750 to 2001 and what

00:06:27 you see here is that the human population is increasing in on a logarithmic scale and that's how it is actually increasing at a very very rapid stage and according to an ref estimate there will be a supply of there will be uh enough food there should be enough food to supply the projected population of 9.2 billion by the 2050 which means there will be a enhance there will be a huge demand or on the uh on the resources as well as if there is a huge demand on to the production of different types of food grains now you know that

00:07:06 the earth agricultural land is very limited for example in india itself the aversible land is reducing day by day because of the urbanizations because of the industrializations and all other kinds of activities because you have seen that the many of the roads are coming up on the highways and other places and from where these roads are coming these roads are being built onto the agricultural land so because of that the agricultural land is reducing and the there is a requirement to produce more

00:07:38 and more food grains vegetables and all of the kinds of products so because of this there is a there is a need to in to enhance the food productions from the pre-existing from the existing crops but that is not possible because every crop has its maximum limit until which it can actually be able to produce so in that case what you have to do is you have to enhance the pro the production of the crop either by employing the bio process or the bio technology related tools or you have to empire you have to employ

00:08:16 the genetically modified organism which means you have to produce the crops from the genetically modified plants so this is one of the aspects which biotechnology is very much required because once you have the biotechnology tools and techniques available then you can be able to utilize that to produce the different types of crops you can actually be able to enhance the production either by bringing the better props which are actually producing more number of food gains or their production cycle is

00:08:49 also very very less for example if you have a wheat crop and normally the wheat crops takes four to five months but if you come up with a wheat plant which actually can do the production in two and a half months then you actually can do the production twice because you can take the uh you can you know you can you can sow these particular type of wheat plants and in two and a half months it is going to be ripened and then you can actually regrow the same plant again and again and that's how you can be able to get

00:09:22 the better production the other aspect is that the plant can be of susceptible to some kind of infectious or some kind of insects that also can be overcome if you are reproducing the genetically modified plants and that is will be resistant for these kind of degradation so this is one aspect where the biotechnology is contributing and that is what because is required because there is a enhanced growth of the human populations apart from that the biotechnology is also being used to produce different types of products

00:09:58 uh so what is the need of the biotechnology so there are multiple ways in which the biotechnology can be able to utilize for example biotechnology can be used to produce the living stocks for example you can be able to uh you can be able to produce the stock of the living stock means you can have the purity of the living stock because you know that the most of the living stocks are actually breeding to each other and that's how they are very very impure and the impure stocks are very difficult to use in terms of the

00:10:33 breeding purposes because then you are actually producing the hybrid plants hybrid uh living stocks or the hybrid varieties and these hybrid varieties you cannot control the tricks so because of that there is a need to have the pure living stocks apart from that as i i think already discussed that the some of the metabolic toxic byproducts are being secreted from these plants and because they are producing from the plant as a dry product you also can be able to reduce the secretion of toxic metabolites from the plants

00:11:09 the third is the plants are not been able to withstand the harsh uh biochemical process or the treatment so what happen is sometimes the product is being produced as the ah as a raw products and then these raw products are not good to be consumed so that's how you it actually gone to the bio process biochemical processes or the treatment and many of the plants as well as many of the uh many of the animals could not be able to withstand these kind of harsh statements so because of that there is a need to

00:11:43 have the plant as well as the different types of treatments to be used so that it should be able to withstand the harsh statements the ultimate what we have also discussed that there's a need to have the higher production as well as the lower caste because once you have the higher production of the crop uh eventually uh the when the production is going to be more it is actually going to reduce the cost of that particular crop technology is being used very oftenly to produce the products what we consume in our

00:12:17 daily life for example you are very much familiar with the curd you are very much familiar with the bread biotechnology is also been used to produce the different types of vines these vines are different in terms of the flavors their shelf life and all other kinds of uh properties apart from that the biotechnology is very extensively in use to produce or to improve the quality of the products from the poultry whether it is the weight of the chicken or weight of the egg or other kinds of properties what is

00:12:52 being required to be from the poultry products for example it can actually increase the shelf life of the eggs what has been coming from the uh hence or it can also increase or decrease the level of cholesterol and other kinds of fat from the from the eggs and apart from that it also can improve the quality of the hen or the chicken what is coming out from the uh from the poultry farms apart from that the biotechnology is also been used to produce the different types of fishes these fishes could be of two varieties

00:13:30 either it could be a ornamental fishes or to the or or to the edible fishes in the case of edible fishes the biotechnology is helping to produce the different types of fishes or they are allowing the disease free fishes production and also sometimes the biotechnology is helping to produce the fishes which are very rich in terms of the antioxidant levels or other kinds of therapeutic molecules so if you consume these fishes you are not only going to get the the nutrients from the fish but also you are going to

00:14:06 get the uh some of the antioxidant as well as the therapeutic molecules which are actually going to make the life more healthy as well as the more sustainable apart from that the biotechnology is also helping to produce the different types of ornamental fishes these ornamental fishes where the people are actually over expressing the different types of the fluorescent proteins uh some of the so these fishes are actually been in a high demand in other countries like european countries or the american

00:14:38 countries where people are actually using these fishes in the aquariums and when there is a when they don't turn even when they don't turn on the lights these fishes actually glow into the aquarium and that's how the name of these fishes are known as the grow fishes so the glowfishes are the first generation of the transgenic fishes what is being produced by the scientists and that's how they are using the these glowfishes for a very very large production and they have a very very

00:15:08 high market in the european as well as the american american american country apart from that the biotechnology is also being used to produce different types of transgenic animals you might have heard about the transgenic animal like dolly which is being produced by the scientists and apart from that the sunny uh the diet technology is also helping to produce the different types of transgenic animals the stunning animals the purpose of producing these transgenic animals is very much like what we have discussed for the fishes

00:15:43 also because these most of these transgenic animals are being used for the nutritional purposes so apart from nutritional purposes the biotechnology is also helping to produce these uh animals with the predefined characteristics for example some of the fishes some of the enemy transgenic animals are producing the milk which contains very high quantity of high quantity of the vitamins and all other kinds of therapeutic molecules uh apart from that the transgenic animals are also being good in terms of the

00:16:17 breeding purposes and they are also good in terms of the milk productions uh apart from that the biotechnology is also utilizing the different types of tools to produce the test tube babies so what is mean by test tube baby is that you are actually artificially doing the uh the fertilizations within a test tube and then once your once a zygote is being developed then you are implanting the zygote into the womb of a particular woman and that's how you are actually helping the parents or the couples who

00:16:52 are the not having the offsprings apart from that the biotechnology is also developing the different types of principles and the techniques so that you can be able to do the drug deliveries whether the drug delivery you are using the simple uh syringe or you are using the molecular syringes or you are using the drug delivery vehicles all these are being developed because the biotechnology is utilizing the science part and you the scientific experiments are being performed and that's how you are actually coming up

00:17:27 with the policies and the procedures so that you can be able to deliver a particular drug at the site of its action so what is the advantage of that is because then the the consumption of the drugs is going to be reduced for example if i am getting the fever i have to take a drug of you know for example the paracetamol of the 500 milligrams but if i know that i am getting the fever or headache and i just need to deliver this particular medicines only to the head part then what i can do is use i can just use the

00:18:02 drug delivery vehicles and i can deliver the paracetamol directly into my head area and that's how i can i don't need to a 500 milligram capsule i can just take the 100 milligrams or 50 milligrams because then the delivery is going to be more targeted apart from that so once you have the targeted delivery it is actually going to reduce the toxicity associated with these or the side effect associated with these medicines because well if you are taking the 500 milligrams so 450 milligram is actually being consumed

00:18:37 anywhere else because and that's how it is actually bringing the side effects as well as the toxicity whereas the only the 50 milligram went to a actual site of action and that's how you are actually can be able to reduce the toxicity apart from that the biotechnology is extensively being used to produce the different types of vaccines whether it is vaccines for the cholera or whether it is a vaccine for the tb or whether it is a vaccine for all other infections and non-infectious diseases

00:19:09 you might have heard recently that the people are trying really hard to develop the vaccine against the kovit 19 because vaccine is producing and giving you the natural immunity against a particular disease and that would all possible because you could be able to utilize the biotechnology principle and you can be able to utilize the procedure what is being evolved during the course of action during the course of this particular technology and therefore you can be able to generate the vaccines and

00:19:39 those vaccines are going to help the humans to fight against the infectious organisms apart from that the biotechnology is also being used to generate the different types of transgenic cells these are the the purpose of these tangential cells is that it helps in terms of the producing the different types of hormones or different types of uh biologically oriented products for example if you can have the transgenic pancreas and if you have the transgenic beta cells then these cells are good in terms of producing the insulin so if you

00:20:17 have the insulin producing cells and if you have this scaffold where you can be able to grow these cells you can be able to generate or you can be able to produce the artificial pancreas and that is what people are doing when they are developing or when they are trying to utilize the tissue engineering technology and that's how they are actually trying to develop different types of transgenic cells and that's how they are actually implanting these cells into the different types of scaffolds

00:20:46 and that's how they are trying to develop the artificial organs you know this is going to be very helpful because it is actually going to reduce the pressure on to the donors to keep the different organs and the other advantage is because these cells are going to be derived from the humans or the person itself there will be no chance of grass rejections i'm sure you might have heard all these terms like graft injections and organs and all that when you're in your previous lectures apart from that the biotechnology is

00:21:20 also helping and trying to develop the different types of medicines or the drugs these medicines either it could be a medicine for simple headache or it could be a medicine for taking care of different types of infectious disease like hepatitis dengue and all other kind of diseases or tb or it could be the medicines which are actually been for the metabolic or the non-infectious diseases like hypertension diabetes and all other kinds of diseases so by it all this is possible because the biotechnology is

00:21:53 helping to design the different types of drugs apart from that the lastly what we also have discussed very extensively that the diatology is helping to develop the different types of transgenic crops and all these transgenic crops are good in terms of fighting against the infectious organism like in these different types of diseases so you can have the disease resistance crops or it can have the different types of crops which can fight against the insects so these are insects uh fighting or the insect fighting crops

00:22:28 or insect resistance crop and in some cases you can also have the transgenic crops which actually can have the different types of gene being produced so once even when you are taking or when you are eating the rice you are also getting the different types of vitamins so that is what is being done when the people have started producing the different types of gold different types of rice varieties and these rice varieties are more popular because they are not only giving you the nutrition but they are also going to

00:23:03 give you the different types of vitamins and all other kinds of molecules so these are the brief overview of the different types of biotechnology produce products what is being possible because we understood the principle we understood the different types of mechanism so before getting uh so now let's discuss how the people have discovered the different types of mechanisms and how uh you can actually utilize that to produce the different types of products so we take the two examples and we take the

00:23:37 two example of the very common example so that you will be understand how the scientists have done the different types of experiments to understand the processes and then how they have actually utilized that process to produce the particular type of products so in this particular examples we will first take the example of the bread you know how the bread is being produced bread is being produced where you are actually taking a dove and then you are actually taking a duck so you see the dove is of a very very small size so

00:24:13 once you take the dub and you allow you mix up it with the east what happened it gets swelled and then when you put it into the oven and you bake it then you are actually going to produce the bread and the bread is being characterized by a different types of the pore-like structure now let me ask you whether you know how the pores are being formed in the brains or why a fermentation of the dove is actually making it more spongy and that's how it is actually been you utilized to produce the different types of breads or whether

00:24:51 it is breads or cake or all other kinds of bakery products now once the people have started discovering the metabolic processes like how the glucose in me is utilized in glycolysis in grape cycle and pentose phosphate pathway what they have realized is that when the glucose is being utilized it is being utilized and produces the two major product one is the energy so energy is always been used by the organism for the growth of particular organism but apart from that as a metabolic byproduct the glucose is when it is getting

00:25:29 oxidized under the different metabolic reactions it is also producing the large quantity of co2 and you know that the co2 is a gas so once the co2 is being produced it escapes from the dust and that's how so because dove is a very very solid structure so it once it escaped from the dark it actually makes the pores and that's how it is actually makes the whole process or hold up very very fluffy so because the people have studied the metabolic reactions and people have studied the different types

00:26:06 of processes they have employed these to produce the the bread so what they done they have taken the yeast and they have mixed up the yeast with the dove and that's how they have incubated it for some time so in this process the what is yeast is doing it yeast is utilizing the sugar or the glucose what is present within the wheat within the wheat or the dough and it is majorly it is being used to produce the energy part and that energy is being used by the yeast to make the growth so that's why if you even if you add a very

00:26:44 small amount of yeast the yeast will replicate or grow and that's how it is actually been going to increase its number apart from that the yeast is also going to produce the large quantity of carbon dioxide and that carbon dioxide will escape from the dove and once it escapes it is actually going to make the tiny tunnels like so you can see that if there is a this is the east or the dove block the east the carbon dioxide will when the carboxy dioxide will escape it is also going to make the different

00:27:18 types of tunnels and that's how it is actually going to escape so apart from this pores it is also going to make the capillary like stuff into the whole dark and that's how it is actually going to make the dub very very spongy so when you bake this you actually increases this process to a very very rapid speed and that's how it is actually now let us move on to the next product and discuss about that which is also been produced utilizing the different types of principles of the biotechnology

00:28:07 so uh you might have consumed this particular product in your daily life so let's discuss about that so the next product is the curd and you might have consumed the curd so how the curd is being formed you pour the milk in a deep pan and boil it on a medium flame for one to two minutes or until the milk is luke form and while stirring occasionally you keep it on the side then you spread the curd evenly at the bottom of a deep bowl so you are actually going to have the curd which has been previously been formed and that

00:28:43 you are going to add into the milk which is going to be luke form not very hot or not very cold it should be medium hot and then you cover the lid with a and keep it aside on in a warm place for four hour or until the curd sets which means it could vary from four hour if it is a summer or it could be overnight if it is a winter then you refrigerate and use as required for example so the curd is being formed from the milk with the help of a bacteria known as the lactobacilli species so there are

00:29:19 multiple species of lactobacilli which actually can be able to convert the milk into the curd how they're doing actually the milk is also containing the sugar so this sugar is being consumed by the bacteria this bacteria is utilizing the different types of metabolic products or metabolic reactions and that's how it is actually producing the energy this energy is being used for the growth of that particular bacteria and while the bacteria is growing it is utilizing more and more glucose what is present in this

00:29:54 particular milk and as a result it is actually converting that into a lactic acid so lactic acid is actually a metabolic by-product of this particular bacteria the main broad main metabolic reactions are actually being utilized to produce the energy whereas which is being used to produce for the growth of the bacteria but as a side product it is actually producing the lactic acid and lactic acid is actually reducing the ph of that particular milk so once it is reducing the ph of the milk it is actually

00:30:30 bringing the milk to a ph where the milk protein are actually going to precipitate and as a result the milk is going to be get converted into the curd so once the people have started discussing about or started exploring the glucose and its metabolic products or the glucose metabolism whether it is happening in the glycolysis krebs cycles pentose phosphate pathway or the anaerobic oxidations and all other kind of thing what they have realized is that this particular bacterial species is very efficient in

00:31:06 terms of producing a large quantity of lactic acid and this lactic acid is very good in terms of bringing the ph of a milk low on a very very slow speed and because of that it is actually precipitating the milk protein and that's how it is actually producing the curd so by discovering all these reactions they started utilizing the lactobacilli species for converting the milk into the curd and that's how they are actually uh utilizing this to uh you know because once they know all these processes

00:31:46 they can be able to control these processes and that's how they can be able to produce a curd which is going to be sweet rather than sour you might have experience when your mom or your grandmother is producing the the curd in your home sometime it becomes very sweet and then you like it but sometime it is very sour and that happens because the more or the less production of the lactic acid so if there will be a less production of lactic acid the milk is going to be uh precipitate and it is

00:32:19 still be going to have the small quantity of the sugar part and that's how it is actually going to be sweetened taste but if it is producing the large quantity of lactic acid because the temperature is very high and the uh it is produced because it has consumed all the sugar what is present in the milk then the curd is going to be very sour but you can imagine that if i am working in the amul industry and if i am trying to produce the curd it is actually what i am trying to give the curd which is

00:32:52 going to be sweet in every time so because of that what i will going to do is i am going to control the multiple processes or multiple parameters for example and that all is been possible because i have studied the current formation processes utilizing the different tools and techniques what is available within the biotechnology and that's how it is actually if i have produced occurred which is very sweet and how you were doing that you are doing that simply because you are adding the enough quantity of inoculum which

00:33:25 means you are adding the enough quantity of the previously produced curd and you are also keeping it on an adequate temperature because so that the fermentation is not going to be too much or too little because if it is too little then you are going to have this some amount of free milk present in the in the process and if it is too high it is going to give you the sour curd so all these processes as well as the parameters are being under tight control and that's how it is actually going to give you the sweet card every

00:34:01 time and how all these possible because the people have studied the multiple parameters multiple processes what is been governing the production of curd so if you are interested to read more about the card making you can actually be able to go to this particular link and that actually is going to explain you in detail about how to produce a curd from the milk and what are the different parameters you should keep it and what are the different parameters are going to influence the curd formations so

00:34:35 what we have discussed we have discussed the formation of the two products one is we have discussed about the bread the other what we have discussed about the curd formation and what is the learning outcome from this particular type of examples one learning outcome is that once you understand a process you can be able to modulate that particular process and you can be able to utilize it to produce the different types of uh products for example in this case we understood how the bread is being formed

00:35:09 how the yeast is utilizing the sugar what is present in the dog and that's how we have actually come up with the idea of utilizing it into the fermentation as well as the baking process so that you can be able to produce the bread similarly we have discovered the different types of bacteria which actually like for example lactobacilli species bacteria and we know that the lactobacilli species bacteria are producing the lactic acid and that is very uh you know produce precipitating the milk protein and that's how it is producing

00:35:40 the curd so we have utilized that also but this is all possible because you are utilizing the pre-existing or the existing uh organisms but in many cases what happen is that the existing organisms may not be good enough to catalyze or to perform these metabolic reactions so in those cases people are trying to evolve and try to generate genetically modified organisms so all these third making bread wine alcohol all these was possible before the pre genomic era in the post genomic era people thought that why not we start

00:36:22 changing the uh you know the organism itself and try to develop the organism of its choice so that it actually going to serve the multiple process multiple purposes for example it can actually help the um you know to produce the more amount of curd but it can also help in terms of producing the some more metabolic products and so on so that you while you are taking the e while you are taking the curd you can also get the more benefits by consuming these other products as well so how you can do that you can do that

00:36:59 simply because the biotechnology relies on the two aspects one is you are actually going to use the genetic engineering and the other is the bioprocess engineering so what is mean by the genetic engineering genetic engineering means that you are actually going to change it change the genome of that particular organism and once you do the change chain genetic changes or when you change the genome of that particular organism you are going to develop the genetically modified organism and all the processes what is being involved in

00:37:35 genetic engineering to change the genome of a particular organism are considered to be upstream processing similarly once you have produced the genetically modified organisms you can bring it into the bio process engineering what is mean by process engineering is that then you can be able to study the growth and the manipulation of that particular genetically modified organism you can be able to study the production of that particular product from these genetically modified organisms and then you can also be able

00:38:10 to optimize or the see how to produce the product from that particular organisms and all these three aspects whether the growth and the manipulation of genetic organisms optimization of the protein product productions or the purification of the products are coming under the bio process in changing and since the genetic engineering to produce identically modified organisms is known as the upstream processes these bioprocess engineering processes are known as the downstream processing and this downstream processing is

00:38:46 helpful in terms of the manipulation of the genetic multiple organism and the optimization as well as the purification of the products there are multiple ways in which the gene genome of a particular algorithm can be modified so the what is mean by the genetic engineering the technique to alter the chemistry of genetic material whether it is dna or the rna to introduce these into the host organism and thus change the phenotype of the host organisms are fall under the genetic engineering genetic engineering of a mammalian cells

00:39:25 or a bacterial cell can be done in two ways one you can go with the natural mechanism like you can actually go for the sexual reproductions so in the sexual reproduction you have a male which is actually going to have the blue balls and you can have the female which is going to have the red color balls or the genome is going to be red color so once they go with the sexual reproductions the 50 gene are going to be contribute from the male the 50 gene is going to be contribute from the female and that's how you are actually

00:39:59 going to generate a hybrid variety and that is going to be the progeny so in the progeny you have actually genetically modified the that particular organisms but and you have generated the hybrid organisms but the organism is hybrid but it is not actually going to be generated as per your will whatever you can have the genes from the female that is going to be random it would be coming from this ball or it could be coming from this ball or it could be a mixture of growth whereas in same is true for the male you

00:40:36 can be able coming from this ball or you can be coming from this ball or it could be coming from the both of the balls so the dna part is coming from the both and you are actually contributing or altering the genetic material of the progeny but you don't have the very specific control over what are the genetic material you want to contribute or what are the genetic materials should not contribute because it could it could be possible that the many of the genes from the females are coming but they may not be contributing

00:41:09 or they may not be dominant enough because if you remember the genetic rules of the mammalian or mendelian inheritance rules the gene contributing a gene is not enough it should also be dominant so those kind of parameter actually makes the sexual reproduction as a mechanism to produce the genetic uh to produce the genetically modified organism is not very successful because of the simple reason that it actually can actually bring the disadvantage or it can also bring the unwanted traits apart from that the other mechanism the

00:41:46 other mechanism is that you introduce the dna into a particular cell so you measure that you you are trying to produce a particular protein which is corresponding to this particular gene so you can just introduce this particular dna into the cell but if you take the dna and introduce it into the cell the cell has a mechanism to identify this external dna and that's how it is actually going to be destroyed because you are not uh because the cell has its own self uh you know defense mechanism

00:42:21 so because of that it is actually going to destroy this external dna so how to do that how to produce uh introduce the dna into the cell so that the cell should experience or shell to realize that this is its own self dna and that's how it actually can utilize this dna to produce the protein what you have to do is you have to clone this dna into a suitable vector the vector which is belonging to particular host strain which means if it is a mammalian cell the vector would be of mammalian origin if it was a

00:42:53 bacterial cell if a million the host could be or the vector could be of the bacterial origin so once you clone the dna into the vector of the host or origin then the cell is going not going to destroy this particular dna then you will cell will realize that it is actually its own cell or it is actually its own dna and that's how it is actually going to allow the replication as well as the production of that particular protein and then what you do is you derive the different mechanism and that's how the

00:43:26 dna can be introduced into the organism once they introduce the dna into the organisms it could be reached to the two different locations it could reach to the nucleus or it could reach the thyroid if it is reaching to the nucleus and it is integrating within the genome then you are actually going to produce the genetically modified organisms which is going to be permanent which means you are actually going to generate the transgenic cells because then it will replicate it will get uh you know self

00:43:59 replicated along with the genome but if it is reaching to the cytosol then it is going to be a transient modified organisms this will stay for some time but once the cell is going to divide the whatever the content is present into the cytosol will not going to go along with the cell and that's how the the cloned dna is going to be removed from the cell so you might have to do the entry of the dna into the organisms multiple times when you if it is reaching to the cytosol if it is reaching to the nucleus you

00:44:35 might have to do it once and then it is you are actually going to generate the permanent transgenic cells or trans permanent transgenic organisms if you want to do all these genetic modifications you might have to go through with the multiple steps for example you might have to first identify the gene from the genome so what you have to do is you have to take first isolate the genome so the procedure wise first you have to isolate the genomic dna then with the help of the polymerase chain reactions you are going to produce

00:45:11 the gene or the dna what you are planning to introduce and then with the help of the restriction digestion you are actually going to generate the sticky ends on the both sides and then you are going to do the same procedure for the particular vector so so in this case i have taken an example of the bacterial vector which is plasmid so if you do the extinction direction that vector is also going to generate the sticky ends and that's how it is actually going to give you the uh and then you are going to do the

00:45:42 ligations so that ligation is actually going to like it the gene with the plasmids and that's how you are going to get the ligated plasmids and then you are actually going to do the process of called transformation so transformation is actually being done in the competent cells and then you are going to do the transformation so transformation is actually going to do the entry of the dna into the cell and once the entry dna is going to be entered into the cell then you are actually going to do the

00:46:13 screening part and that screening is going to give you the desirable clothes apart from the procedures you also have to use or understand the different types of tools for example you have to understand about the polymerases you might have to understand about the restriction enzymes you have to understand about the ligases which are actually being utilized to like it the cut gene with the cut plasmid and give you the ligated or the chimeric dna and then you also should understand about the different types of the cloning

00:46:44 vectors whether the cloning vector for the bacteria fungi yeast or the mammalian cells or the or the virus based cloning vectors so this is all about the genetic engineering apart from the genetic engineering you can also be able to do many things related to the bio process engineering whether it is the growth and manipulation of the genetic genomic genetically modify organism optimization of the product or the purification of the product so the within the downstream processing you have the multiple multiple processes

00:47:21 what you are going to do to achieve the better production of the product from the genetically modified organism let's see what are those procedures so we have already discussed about the upstream processes within the downstream processes first thing what you have to do is you have to do the cell disruption so once you break the cell you are actually go and you can use the different types of processes you can use the chemical processes you can use enzymatic processes you can do mechanical processes and you can do the

00:47:52 physical processes to break the cells once the break cell is broken then it is actually going to give you the crude product which means that it is going to give you the different types of cellular contents what is present then you can do the different types of extraction procedures so because of this extraction procedure you can be able to do the extraction of your product you can do the concentration extraction and filtrations once you got the product you can be able to do the concentration so for concentration you

00:48:23 can use the evaporation ultrafiltration or precipitations and apart after this you have to do the purification for the purification you can use the chromatography as a technique and once you are done with the chromatography you are going to get the final product so these downstream processings are actually going to help you in terms of recovery of that particular product what the genome genetically modified organism is reducing so this is all about the upstream as well as the downstream process so this is just a brief summary

00:48:58 of the what are the processes you have to do when you are doing in the upstream processes or the downstream processes so in our subsequent lecture we are actually going to discuss about the genetic engine g in detail and we are actually going to take up the all the processes so what we are going to discuss we are going to discuss the different types of tools for example we are going to discuss about the polymerases and how the polymerase is contributing in terms of the genetic engineering protocols then we discuss

00:49:31 about restriction enzymes ligases and cloning vectors apart from that we also going to discuss about the procedures so in this particular chapter related which is related to biotechnology we are going to discuss about the different types of tools and as well as the different types of procedures so with this i would like to conclude my lecture here in our subsequent lectures we are going to discuss about the tools as well as the procedures what is related to biotechnology thank you