Free Biology NEET Video Lectures for Biomolecules

00:00:44 Hello friends, welcome you all in this session. I am BP SA BGT Bio Kendra Vidyalak Sapuram. Today I am going to discuss the topic biomolelecule. It included in chapter 9 of class 11th NCERTT biology book. Before going to start the chapter biomolelecule, I have asked some question in my previous session that is respiration five that questions are now I think you all are able to answer these questions. First of all have a look that questions which I have asked in my last session. What are the net gain of ATP

00:01:58 molecule per hexos during aerobic respiration? My second question was which process make direct use of oxygen? The third question was the last electron acceptor of electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorilation is next question was before combining with substrate oxilo acetate perate changes into which molecule. And my last question was number of glucco molecule required to produce 38 ATP molecule under aerobic respiration is dash. Now these are the answer of last session question. Now I

00:03:02 think you all have aware with this question. The answer of these questions are what are the net gain of ATP molecule per hexos. Hexos it is a carbohydrate hexa mean six which is made by carbon 6 molecule during the aerobic respiration. The answer is 36 ATP. I have discussed about 36 ATP and 38 ATP. 36 ATP is formed in that particular cases when the style co-enzyme enter into the crab cycle that take 2 ATP. So total ATP formed during the cellular respiration that is 38 ATP. We can substract 2 ATP in that particular

00:04:03 cases which is consumed when the transfer of molecule from the cytoplasm to mitochondria that take 2 ATP. So total gain in aerobic respiration is 36 ATP. Now my last second question was which process make direct use of oxygen. I have already discussed two type of respiration is there. In one there's no use of oxygen. That type of respiration is called and aerobic respiration. But question is that which process makes direct use of oxygen? That is answer is electron transport chain. We have seen in oxidative

00:04:54 phosphorilation the in terminal oxidation the last stage of the cytochrome A3 that use oxygen electron and proton for molecular oxygen. So the oxygen used by electron transport chain answer is electron transport chain. Now the third question was the last electron acceptor of electron transport chain during the oxidative phosphorulation is we have already discussed the oxidative phosphorilation or the electron transport system. It is a chain of electron carrier as well as cytochrome. The answer was cytochrome A3. This

00:05:49 cytochrome A3 it is found it at the terminal end which accept oxygen. So the answer is cytochrome A3. Now the fourth question is before combining with substrate auxilo acetic acid. The auxiliary state pyrovate change into mean in cre cycle which molecule combined with the O aaa yeah auxiloic acid oxoistic acetate because the pyrovate can't enter into the mitochondria from the cytoplas first of all pyrovate is going to be changed into which molecule? The answer is estile co-enzyme. Parvate changes into a

00:06:50 style co-enzyme. Now acetile co-enzyme are able to enter into the mitochondria and combine with oxoistic acid which form citric acid. Now my last question was number of glucose molecule required to produce 38 ATP under anorobic condition. This is very important point. This is the case is anobic respiration. We know in androic respiration that total number of ATP liberate that is 2 ATP. So one glucose molecule liberate 2 ATP you can solve by this way. In anorobic case one glucose molecule it gives 2 ATP.

00:08:11 So here the answer is how much glucose molecule is used to form 38 ATP. So one glucose molecule 2 ATP 19 glucose molecule gives 19 into 2 that is 38 ATP. So in case of anorobic respiration when we use 19 molecule of ATP that gives 38 ATP. So the answer was 19 glucose molecule. If it is a case of aerobic respiration then there is no doubt the number of glucose molecule used to produce the 38 ATP in aerobic case that is one glucose molecule. Okay. So after this I hope you all will be able to answer all type of questions related to

00:09:20 the cellular respiration. Okay. Now let us start the new chapter biomolelecules. It is very very important for your exemption point of view as well as its application in class 12th because in class 12th there is a chapter called molecular biology. In that cases all the biomolelecules are used in that particular cases either in the DNA formation, RNA formation or various types of amino acid is formed in case of the genetic code. So this is very very important and it is also related with the coll with the class 12th. So let

00:10:12 us start the chapter biomolelecule. What do you mean by biomolelecule? As the name indicate the molecules and bio molecules the different types of atom combine in a specific ratio. That specific ratio gives molecule. Just for example, one molecu one atom of carbon and two atom of oxygen when combined this form carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is molecule and carbon and oxygen is atom. Bio this molecule when present inside the living cell living cells that molecule is called biomolelecule. So the molecule

00:11:18 which are present in living cell living organism that are called biomolelecules. Now we can easily define there are in periodic table you have seen various types of atom are present. There are many 18 known elements is there. Out of 118 25 has been identified. These are present in the cell or extracellular fluid that is called ECF that are called biomolelecules, biological element or bioelement. So we can define in some way that is various types of molecules found inside the cell for the purpose of different physiological,

00:12:17 morphological, psychological purposes that are called biomolelecules. These molecules help in the various process. These help in the various types of cycle like crepe cycle, electron transport chain, like Kelvin cycle. These my molecules is used and complete the cycle. Okay. So this is the definition of simple definition of biomolelecule. The molecules which are present in the living cell. Now this biomolelecules has been classified into two main group on the basis of availability in the cell. Which biomolelecules are known as

00:13:08 macroolecule and microolecule micro molecules as the name indicate macro means small macro means m a means large macro means small. So simply we can say those molecule which are present in large quantity in the cell or in the living organism that are called macroolelecule. Those which are present in the small quantity that are called microolecules. Now what are the amount in that particular cases? So biomolelecules are classified into biomacroolelecules, biomicroolecules. Biomolelecules which have molecular weight less

00:14:07 than 1,000 dton or we can say excess of 10 m mole per kg of the dry matter and are usually referred as biomacroolecule. So those molecule which are present in excess of means greater than 10 mill per kg dry weight dry matter. So its quantity in the living organism must be greater than 10 m mole per kg. But when the amount is less than 10 m mole per kg dry weight or dry matter that is called macroolelecule. So we can easily define that biomolelecule which have molecular weight ranging from 18 to around 800 dton less than 10 m

00:15:21 mole per kg of diet diatter that is called biomicroolecule. So we can easily differentiate in between the biio macicroolelecule and biomicroolecules. So biomicroolelecules greater than 10 m mole per kg when it is less than 10 m mole per kg of dry matter that is called biomacroolelecules. Now the entire biomolelecules according to the your syllabus has been divided into four groups that is carbohydrate, lipids, proteins and nucleic acid. nucleic acid which is the DNA and RNA deoxy ribboucleic acid

00:16:26 and RNA ribboucleic acid. These are the four major categories of the biomolelecules. First of all, carbohydrate carbohydrate as the term indicate it is the hydrates of carbon. We can simply define carbohydrate. It is the hydrates of carbon. Hydrate means water when water combine with carbon then it make carbohydrate. So simply we can say the carbohydrate are the biomolelecules which are made by made by carbon hydrogen and oxygen in which the hydrogen on oxygen ratio is always 2 is to1. There are various types of

00:17:45 carbohydrate. Here in case say if the the general formula of carbohydrate we can write CN H2N O N. Here you can see 2 N is hydrogen and is oxygen. So the ratio is 2 is to1. In carbohydrate the hydrogen and oxygen ratio always will be 2 is to1. Okay. Now the there are different types of carbohydrates are there. The carbohydrate which serves as a building material. Now types of carbohydrate Now there are different types of carbohydrates are there. We can classify it monossaccharide. oligosaccharide and

00:19:22 polyaccharide. So carbohydrate can be classified on the basis of number of carbon atom or on the basis of number of mono monosaccharide. We can differentiate the carbohydrate into these three types. First of all monossaccharide. Monossaccharide are those type of carbohydrate which after splitting it gives three to seven carbon atom. So we can simply say that the general formula of carbohydrate is CN H2N O N when N varies 3 4 5 6 7. So that type of carbohydrate is called monosaccharide. Now oligosaccharide

00:20:30 oligosaccharide when oligosaccharide is going to be split it gives more than two monossaccharide on that basis. is the monossaccharide has been classified into different group. One is called disaccharide as the name indicate d means two. When disaccharide is hydraysis takes place in disaccharide it is split to form two monosaccharide. When it gives three monossaccharide that is called tricaccharide. When the tricaccharide is going to be split, it gives at least three monosaccharide. So the oligosaccharide has been

00:21:58 classified into disaccharide, tricaccharide, tetraaccharide and so on. So we can define the oligosaccharide when the oligosaccharide is split it gives 3 to 9 monosaccharide unit. In disaccharide 2 it is simply called disaccharide and tricaccharide tetraaccharide pentaccharide it combinely called olioaccharide. So carbohydrate first is monosaccharide second one disaccharide third one oligosaccharide. Oligosaccharide gives 3 to nine monosaccharide. Disaccharide gives two monosaccharide and lastly

00:23:29 polyaccharide. After hydrarolysis when the carbohydrate gives more than 10 more than 10 monossaccharide is called polyaccharide. So now we are able to say the carbohydrate has been classified into four main category that is monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide and polyaccharide on the basis of number of carbon atom on the basis of number of monosaccharide that classification is best. Now first of all one by one this is very important for your exam point of view to see the structure of different types of

00:24:30 monosaccharide. You can easily make this type of structure. So first of all monosaccharide. Monossaccharide it all as we have already discussed after splitting after hydrarolysis it gives 3 to7 carbon atom and the formula is CN H2N O now when the monossaccharide give three atom yeah made up of by three atom of carbon That is called trios. Triose that is C3. The formula is here the N is three. Hydrogen will be okay. Very good. Six and oxygen will be three. So the general formula of triio is C3 H6O3. Now its structure depend upon

00:25:51 the carbonile group where the carbonile are present. It has been divided into two main part triodes that is alihide and ketone. Alide we have already know its functional group is CHO. The ketone functional group is C double bond O. Now the example of triage in Lihid group that is glyceraldi dihide. At the time of writing the formula of structure formula of glycerald dihide we know that glycerald dihide have three carbon. So it will be easily write C. These are the three carbon atom and one carbon atom has CHO group. So here

00:27:02 the CHO that is the ali group. Now here H and O at third position of the carbon it is CH2O H. So we can easily write the formula or structure formula structure of the glyceraldihide CH at one position in second position H and O and the third position CH2O H. Now you can count that carbon is three C3 hydrogen 1 2 3 4 5 and six hydrogen is six oxygen 1 2 3 oxygen is three. So we can easily write the formula of trio or the glycerald dihide which is a alihidic group and the structure of this type. Now the

00:28:01 second form of triage is ketone. Here we can easily write the general formula will be the same because it's a triage. Triode general formula is C3 H63. Now the structure will be slightly different because here is the CO group ketone group are there. So we can easily write C3 carbon. Okay. At second position there is carbonile group and in the uppermost first one there is CH2 and the third one position CH2. So this is the formula of ketone triode. Its name is dihydroxy Acetone you know in class 10th chemistry

00:29:05 this is the acetone have functional group CO group. Now you can verify the formula it is true or not. Here carbon is 1 2 3 that is C3. Hydrogen 2 3 4 5 and six. Hydrogen is six. Now oxygen 1 2 and three. Oxygen is three. So this is the formula of triage. Two examples that is the glyceraldihide and dihydroxy phosphate. Dihydroxy acetone. These two compound are easily used or in photosynthesis chapter as well as in respiration chapter. So you think and write the formula of triage. Next carbohydrate

00:30:00 that is tetru and the term indicate tetra. Tetra means four. Here the number of carbon is four. Now the formula will be C4 H okay very good eight and O will be four. So the formula of tetros is C4 H8 O4. Now it is also found in two form same as triio. Now you can easily write two form are very good that is ali and ketone. Aliotic form that contain CO2 group. ketone for just we have already discussed in this group. Okay. Now you can easily write the structure formula structure of the tetro monosaccharide. If the carbon four

00:31:19 you can easily write one 2 3 four. These are the four carbon we have already discussed. At one carbon in first position there will be the CHO group. Alihide group are present at the first position. Okay. Next one you can easily write HOH HOH and last one same as triO that is CH2O. So this is the structure of tetros that is called iththros. This also used in photosynthesis that in Kelvin cycle the another alihide which are frequently used in biochemistry of tetros that isos is a tetros the formula will the

00:32:36 same that is carbon 4 you can easily write 4 1 1 2 3 and four. Now we have already know that trio is a type of alihide. So the CHO group will be found at position one. So this is the CHO. Now you can easily write the in second position the H will be going to be changed in O group are found in the left side and H is found at the right side and same as third position have H O and the fourth one have CH2 O. So we can easily write two tetros and three O's. Here the number of carbon you will find four 1 2 3 4 1 2 3

00:33:36 4 hydrogen 1 2 3 sorry oxygen 1 2 3 4 hydrogen 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 and 8. So our structure is correct. You can easily found in the three same will be there. Now come to the ketone. The ketone form you have already know how write the tetros of ketone that is example here is it throws. It is through low. It is there is a similar term like it throws and it loses. thrral is a lo is a ketone and thro is a alihide. Now you can write the structure of loss that is carbon 4 1 2 3 4. Okay. Now in which group carbonile group are present? CO group

00:34:46 are present that is two. Very good. At two position carbonile group it present CO group. So at one position CH2 O and same as it throws oros third position H and O are present and last position same that is the C H2 O are present. So we can easily write the structure of trio and structure of tetros. Their formula in triage C3 H6 O3. It is also found in the two for ali and ketonic for example is glyceraldi dihide dihydroxy acetone. In tetros the formula is C4 H8 O4 and the examples are thro and ithrol.lo is a ketonic form and ithro is

00:35:53 a aliadic form. So these are the two form of monosaccharide that is triage and tetro. Now we can easily write the next monosaccharide that is pentos as the term indicate the penta it is made by penta. Penta means five. Here the carbon atom five and the formula will be same C and H2 and O H will be very good 10 and O will be five. This pento sugar are very very important in the molecular genetics because in molecular genetics the DNA and RNA consist of penone pento sugar. This DNA contain deoxyibbos sugar and

00:36:53 RNA contain ribos sugar and the example will be the same in case of pentos the it is also found in the two form same as triio and tetro that is in alihide form in alihide form and In ketone form, ketone form alide form CH ketone form C double bond O is the two alkal groups are present. Now the pentos the alihidic form of pentos example ribos it is very very important ribos now you can easily write without any hint ribos is a five carbon monosaccharide so you can write five carbon 1 2 3 4 and five. These are the five carbon.

00:38:07 No doubt. Now at one carbon what will be present? That is CHO group. And in next carbon same as triage and same as tetro it will be write as HO. In third position H O in fourth position H O and in last position what will be here? What will be there? That is CH2 O. So you can easily write the structure of ribos. It has five carbon 1 2 3 4 5. Hydrogen will be the 10 that is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 and 10 hydrogen and oxygen are five 1 2 3 4 5 you can easily write the structure of ribos this ribos and now come to the

00:39:13 ketone the ketone the examples are ribbulose The ribulose here the carbonile group are present in the form of ketone. Now the structure of the ribulose will be it contain five carbon. So you can easily write 1 2 3 4 5 in which position CO group is there that is at second position. So we can easily write at first position that is C H2O H. Now it is same as ribos HO HOH and CH2O. So we can easily write the structure of ribboulo. Ribolo is a ketone pentos ketone. Now the next important pentos that is

00:40:42 deoxyibbos deoxy ribo is a type of alihide but the name indicate d oxy means deletion of one oxygen from the Ribbo sugar. Ribbo sugar is a pento sugar. At one carbon atom, one oxygen is going to be deleted. This carbon atom from where the oxygen is going to be deleted that is carbon 2. If we will know these things the there's a deletion of one oxygen at carbon 2 from the ribos we can easily write without any problem the simple structure of de oxyab that now start deoxyabos it contain five carbon 1 2 3 4 and five now

00:41:41 it is a type of alihide no doubt so At position one CHO group. At second position we already know the de oxy one oxygen is going to be deleted from the ribos sugar. In ribos sugar here the H O are there. Here O is deleted only H is there. Now same as ribos H O H O at six position what will be there that is CH2 O. So we can easily write the formula of ribos deoxyibbos and ribolose. The ribos are the pentos sugar which are used in formation of RNA and deoxyibbos are the pentos sugar which are used in formation

00:42:41 of DNA. On that basis its name are there RNA ribo nucleic acid ribo means in RNA ribbo sugar are present in DNA there is deoxyibbo sugar are present. So the name is deoxy ribbo nucleic acid. But one thing here is very essential. This pento sugar are not present only in the simple chain like straight chain. It is found in the form of ring structure also. The ricking structure is also very very important for the structure point of view. In the formation of DNA when you write the structure of DNA you may require the

00:43:35 ring form of pento sugar that is ribos and deoxyibbo. Now the ring form of ribo sugar you can easily make it. Here is the Oxygen is here. Here is the carbon. Here is also carbon. Carbon. This is the skeleton of ring form of the pentos that is ribos. Ring form of ribos. In ring form or state form the structure formula will be the same. that is C5 H10 O5. But how you can write in these cases? Here O group is here and H group is here. Here at the second position, this one is the one position. At second

00:44:45 position, this is the third position. This is the fourth position. And fifth carbon present here. This is the fifth position. At second position in the straight for this is the H O. At third position it is also H O. Here is H CH2O H. So we can easily write when we know the straight chain structure put here at one position O H O at third position also H O and the fourth position H and CH2 O above the four. Now when we know when we understand the ring formula of ribos we can easily write the structure of deoxyibbos sugar. What can

00:45:51 be what will be the structure of deoxxyibbos sugar? D oxyos formula will be in de oxyos sugar one oxygen is deleted. So the formula will be C5 H10 instead of 05 here is O4. Go. Now write the structure. Skeleton will be the same like the ribos. See carbon here, carbon here, same as ribos. Now when we know that at second position of ribos one oxygen is deleted then the ribos for the de oxyos that means it is the one position same O H here H at this position oxygen is going to be deleted at second position oxygen

00:47:08 are not present So we can write H and H and same at third and in fourth same as ribos here is H here is CH2 O. So now we can easily write the difference between the ribos sugar and deoxyibbos sugar that is ring structure for and the and the open chain for ribos and de oxyos. When we know the open chain form, we can easily write with the help of is skeleton of this O position here, oxygen is here, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon. Then we can easily write when you write the structure of ribos and we know the difference between

00:48:04 the ribos and d oxyos. At which position oxygen is going to be deleted that we can easily write the structure of ribos as well as de oxyos which is the main sugar present in the DNA which acts as a genetic material of living organism. Okay. So this is all about the pentos sugar. Okay. Now the next will be the hexos as the as the term indicate hexa. It is made by hexa means six. It contain six carbon. When we know the formula of carbohydrate that is CN H2N O N we can write easily the formula of hex. What will be the formula of

00:49:11 hexo? The carbon will be six. Okay. Hydrogen will be 2 n means 2 into 6 that is 12. oxygen will be N that is six. So the general formula of hexos is C6 A12 O 06. Okay. Now this same as trios to pento this hexo are also found in the two form that is aldihidic form and ketonic form. Aliotic for it contain CHO group no doubt same as triage tetro and pentos and the ketonic for it contain ketonic group two alkal groups are there and CO group are there now the alihidic form of gluc Car hexo is glucose. Glucose is the main fuel fuel

00:50:34 of the living organism. It used in the cellular respiration as a chief fuel which going to be oxidized and form carbon dioxide, water and ATP. These ATP are used various metabolic various physiological morphological changes. The glucose structure that is the it contain carbon 6. So we can easily write the structure of glucose. In glucose how much carbon? Okay, that is six. So you can write six carbon in linear way 3 4 5 and six. Now what will be the position of CHO at one position. And what will be the HO

00:51:36 position? In second position hydrogen left side O this side. In third position the hydrogen here and O is here and same H O H O. Now at the sixth position CH2 O. So without any problem you may write the structure of any type of monossaccharide either it is trios or tetros or pentos or hexos. So now you all are able to write the any type of formula if you know this structure either alihide or ketone and the position of ketone and position of oxygen and position of Hydrogen and O group. you can easily write the whole

00:52:38 structure that can be utilized in your another chapter like genetics like physiology photosynthesis and dispiration. So this is the one example of the aldiatic form of hexos. There's another example of hexos we can largely use in biology that is galactose that is also known as milk sugar. The galactose when we know the galactose is a type of hexos the formula will be C6 H12 06 then you can easily write six carbon 3 4 5 and six. When we know that galactose is a type of ali so we can easily write the CHO group are present

00:53:39 at position one. So you can easily write CH. Then the position of H and O position of H and O from the glucose. When you know where the position can be changed that you may write that in second position same as glucose H O at third position same as glucose H O but the difference at carbon 3 here in glucose H is left side and O is right side but here is same as second H O here H O H here CH2 O H. So this is the aldatic form of hexos that is two example here one is glucose another is galactose. So

00:54:45 now we can summarize whole things that is carbohydrate are found in monosaccharide, disaccharide, olioaccharide and polyaccharide. Now the structure of trio, tetro, pentos and hexos. Now you can easily think over these questions. What are the other name given to the carbohydrate? As I have already discussed many time in carbohydrate that is the other name of carbohydrate you can find. My next question is what is the common sugar found in animals. My third question is what are macroolelecules? Give

00:55:37 examples. Thank you. and prepare for the next section. You can easily write everything with the help of your previous knowledge. Thank you. [Music]